A
while ago I had a tête-à-tête with probably one of the most
distinguished medieval maps: the Catalan Atlas. Produced in 1375 by
Abraham Cresques for Charles V of France, it reveals the Western gaze
towards 'foreign' lands. As an object rooted in the mappa mundi
tradition, it crosses the borders of categorisation while at the same
time adapting qualities of the portolan chart (which David Woodwards
called the ‘final transitional state'). Compared to maps like the
Hereford map, where plenty of monstrous creatures roam the face of
the earth, there are only a few left in this Atlas. A group of
people, probably related to the mystical race of the Ichthyophagi,
who live the eastern coast of Asia and a single mermaid with two
fishtails, that inhabits the waters at the coast of Ceylon, make up
the monstrous populace of the Catalan Atlas.
This small rest of the
of the former monstrous glory had to make room for a new, less
grotesque, other: the Ruler of the foreign countries. They are now
the prime inhabitants of the earth, their visage is not monstrous,
but very much human. Stripped of its monstrous alien nature, the
other in the Catalan Atlas has been dressed up in rich clothing,
holding exotic treasure, native to the region they rule. Though
exotic in some aspects, their pose alludes to the Western tradition
of portraying the image of kings. The other is different, yet
similar. His attributes differ but he betrays his subordination by
conforming to Western traditions. The fear of him seems banned,
hidden beneath the exotic clothing. He has become colonised, not
physically but visually and from afar. He is bound by visual,
epistemological shackle derived from travel reports like Marco Polo
and Guillaume de Rubrouck. The Easterner and his lands have lost
their monstrous nature, his otherness has become what Mary Bain
Campbell has called the ‘familiar strangeness'. whether factual or
fictional, these texts provided the knowledge on which this visual
colonial discourse is based, the power that enabled the West to
dispel the horror that was the East. However, it is not the question
whether the image of the East is based on facts or fiction, that make
it an effective tool of subduing the other in the mind of the
audience, but the given impression
of
knowledge as according to Edward Said 'to have knowledge of such a
thing is to dominate it, to have authority over it.' And yet there
remains a subtle threat throughout the map, hinted at by the
overwhelming presence of seemingly Muslim cities and further
projected into the future by the illustration of Mag and Magog and
the reference to the Antichrist. The latter, however, also emphasises
the role of the self within world. Magriet Hoogvliet suggests that
the atlas puts a stress on the Christian mission to free the
non-Christian population of the world, to bring Christianity to all
parts of the world and, one might be inclined to say, to colonise it.
The patron's own strong religious background might further support
this reading of the map, especially as his own interest in knowledge
already seems to be reflected in the partly scientific approach in
the design of maps.It does therefore seem as if it is the interest and the underlying function of the map itself is the crucial factor in the way otherness is expressed. This function also reveals the fears and desires of the self. It satisfies an interest for the exotic riches of far away countries and, within a Christian context, simultaneously reaffirms the position and role of the self against the non-Christian world by giving it authority over the other.
-Fabian
Photos@Bibliothèque nationale de France
